I-electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) luhlobo lwetekhnoloji yemagneti evusayo evela kumzuzu wamagnetic wee-elektroni ezingafakwanga. Ingasetyenziselwa ukujonga ngokomgangatho nangokubala ubuninzi bee-elektroniki ezingafakwanga eziqulathwe kwiiathom okanye iimolekyuli zezinto, kwaye uzivavanye. Iimpawu zesakhiwo sendalo esingqongileyo. Kwii-radicals zasimahla, umzuzu wamagnetic we-orbital phantse awunampembelelo, kwaye uninzi lomzuzu wamagnetic uwonke (ngaphezulu kwe-99%) unegalelo kwi-electron spin, ngenxa yoko i-electron paramagnetic resonance ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "electron spin resonance" (ESR).

I-Electron paramagnetic resonance yafunyanwa okokuqala ngusosayensi wase-Soviet u-E · K · Zavois ngo-1944 esuka kwi-MnCl2, i-CuCl2 kunye nezinye iityuwa ze-paramagnetic. Iifiziksi ziqale zasebenzisa obu buchule ukufundisisa ubume be-elektroniki, ulwakhiwo lwekristale, umzuzu wedipole, kunye nolwakhiwo lweemolekyuli zeeathom ezithile ezintsonkothileyo. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zemilinganiselo ye-elektroniki yeparamagnetic resonance, oosokhemisti bacacisa ii-bond zeekhemikhali kunye nokusasazwa kobuninzi be-elektroniki kwimixube entsonkothileyo ye-organic, kunye neengxaki ezininzi ezinxulumene nendlela yokuphendula. UMerika B. Oqhelekileyo et al. bazise itekhnoloji ye-elektroniki yokujonga isangqa kwi-biology okokuqala kwicandelo lebhayoloji ngo-1954. Baye babona ubukho beeradicals zasimahla kwezinye izixhobo zezityalo nezilwanyana. Ukusukela nge1960s, ngenxa yokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo kunye nophuculo oluqhubekekayo lwetekhnoloji, itekhnoloji ye-elektroniki yokuphononongwa kwe-elektroniki isetyenzisiwe kwi-physics, semiconductors, organic chemistry, chemistry entsonkothileyo, chemistry chemistry, ubunjineli bemichiza, i-chemistry yaselwandle, i-catalysts, i-biology, kunye ibhayoloji. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi ezinje ngekhemistri, amayeza, isayensi yendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nokwenzeka komhlaba.